Friday, May 14, 2010

Router Devices.

Cisco 1800 Router
Avaya's Earth Resources 8600
Cisco 7600 Series multilayer switches

A router is a device, two or more computer networks, and selective exchange of packets between them. Each packet contains the address of a router to determine whether you can use the source and destination are on the same network, or, if the data packet to be transferred from one network to another. Where more than one router is a massive collection on the Internet, the address of the target system, routers exchange information, so that each router can build a table that shows the relationship between any two systems on the network preferred way.

Routers, network equipment is a specialized software and hardware, the routing problem and sharing information. The router has two or more network interfaces such as copper cable, fiber or a wireless network or networks of different standards, with different physical network types. Each network interface small computer dedicated from one form into electronic signals to the other.

Routers connect two or more logical subnets, do not share common network addresses. The subnet in the router does not reflect on the router 1-1 term "third-level exchange of the physical interface" are often used interchangeably with the terms "routing". Exchange term commonly used to describe the data between two network devices common forwarding address online. It is also known as the second layer of exchange or switching center.

Structured wiring connection

Cabling is building or campus telecommunications cable infrastructure, which consists of many small elements called structured normalized subsystems. Design and installation of structured cabling is covered by a set of standards that define the wiring data centers, offices and residential voice and data, using Category 5 (CAT 5E) or category 6 cable (CAT 6) and modular contacts.
These rules determine how to place wires in a star formation, so that all points by the end of the central patch panel, usually mounted on 19-inch rack, which can be determined exactly how to use those links. Each patch can be played in a data network to connect to the normally also rack together or spots in the telecommunications patch panel 'which forms a bridge to a private exchange (PBX) telephone system so that the voice port connection.

Routing Information Protocol

RIP- Routing Information Protocol, or more general, such as the so-called, is suffering from a lack of all routing protocols. Chip is one of the easier to confuse, because the protocols used in routing protocols exploded proliferated, and even part of the
The same name! And tear and tear of these protocols, which are innumerable, compare the way sports, and the best way to deal with any place used to determine the direction of algorithms based on the distance itself. These algorithms, which date back to 1957 in the midst of scientific research.

Is to determine the version Open standard for slides, the slide is sometimes also the intellectual property, with reference to documents of the official: Request for Comments (RFC) 1058, Internet Standard (STD): 56 networks based on Internet Protocol, more and see a large size, such as the Working Group Internet Engineering, should be completed burst clear. As a result, the IETF RFC 1388 in January 1993, a November 1994, RFC 1723, which destroyed 2 released. RFCs describe an extension of such authority, but do not try to tear and rip the previous version obsolete. There is need for simple authentication mechanism rip rip 2 messages secure permission to use the information table updates. More importantly, 2 destroyed, without masks, and this feature does not provide crucial access to did not explode.

This chapter summarizes the key capabilities and related features of the blast. Topics included the measurement rip routing update process guidance, direction stability, and timing devices directive.
Routing Updates

Rip routing update to send messages regularly during the network topology changes. Router, it updates the routing tables to reflect the new path is a sign of change in the path of modernization and roses. The road to the value of metric and increase the commercial will be the next hop. Shear tracks in the direction of less than the cost metric only the best path the road to preserve immediately after the routing update its routing table, to change the other paths Network updates routing information transmitting start these updates independently, that the routers explosion sent periodic updates will be sent.
Chip routing metric

Rip with metric hop routing number to measure the distance between the source of the destination network. Any source from the point of hip-hop, and a number of exemplary value is 1. Received guidance, and the network of the new destination or change the entry in the routing update, the router adds 1 criteria set by the value and update the routing tables and white. Uses the sender's IP address, and a jump next.
Features shear stability

Explode indefinitely the implementation of the limit on the number one place and a way to continue to allow the panel to prevent source routing hops. 15 the maximum number of hops in a way. A router, or even that new entry is included in the process of updating of guidance and increase the lead to 1 at the end of the metric value metric, a web site, if the account has not been reached. This feature is stability, and the negative side is less than 16 network hops tore the country are the limits of the maximum.

Chip that many of the features and routing protocols include the general stability in the other country. These features provide the stability, although the possibility of rapid changes in network topology design. For example, the rip routing information to prevent the error in the split horizon and mechanisms remain paused for the implementation of publicity.
Chip timers

The timing of a variety of purposes for the organization of a high proportion of the hole. That included the timing of GPS, a timing device the way, out, and a set path - flush. Guide the timing of hours between update periodic updates guidance. In general, is 30 seconds, when determining the value of a small random timer before re-added. This is to prevent overpopulation, and all the tracks at the same time trying to update a result of their neighbors to help can be. Each entry routing table and a way to get out of the timer in this regard. When the temporary road, deadline, and the timing of the road is full of ends before the routing table is not valid, but not to keep records.
Package Formats

Intellectual property intellectual property and tore tear. The next section of the package format, Built each track on the description of the coverage areas.

Wi-Fi Technology

Wi - Fi products you can send electronic mail and video streams of all, and connect the international video Conference Call - even if you connect to the Internet from the airplane 10,000 feet in the air, or just along the corridor. All necessary forms and in many ways to meet all your needs for goods, a little less dollars.

To where we are today, the businesses, researchers, engineers, tens of thousands of products to work seamlessly together to have a good cooperation. Mid-20th century, 90, a number of expert engineering technology companies are started by the international consortium known as the IEEE to be known as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers jointly organized by the "I - 3 E" class, to develop new wireless products how one affects the industry standard such cooperation, Wi - Fi Alliance was born, and laboratory testing standards development around the world to buy and try to prove that the product meets safety standards and interoperability

Wi - Fi

Wi - Fi is connected. At home, Wi - Fi wireless connection you and your favorite content and communication on your cell phones, computers, media players and other devices - all without cumbersome cables. When you're walking and Wi - Fi allows you to connect to the Internet or your own office from the airport or cafe, and helps you stay productive when you're far away from home. Now, imagine doing all these things very easily and quickly - without worrying about finding a wired network connection. This is a wireless network connection.

UDP connections

UDP-User Datagram Protocol is very easy to transport layer protocol. TCP does not provide the same quality, and therefore be regarded as `` unreliable. ''So, although it is not suitable for some applications, but there is more reliable and stronger than the other programs that use TCP. TCP
TCP is a transport layer protocol. It will sit on top of network layer protocol designed to run on top of intellectual property. As IP was designed to bear, among others, TCP packets. However, TCP and IP were designed together, and if you have one, you usually have more internet protocol referred to as `` a set of TCP / IP protocol. The TCP itself''an important function, and we will soon cover the number.

Virtual Private Network

Because of the popularity of the Internet, as well as the cost of private leased lines, very large, and put many organizations create a virtual private network, and virtual private network. Traditionally, a provider of large organizations, and offices, one of the expensive cable connection has been leased to provide a direct connection between the two offices. Now, the solution is often more economical to provide two offices connected to the Internet. Then, using the Internet as a way to connect the two offices.

In such risk, of course, there is no privacy in this channel, it is difficult to provide a «other office did not get on the Internet to provide these resources, and to every person within the''resources.

Virtual Private Network and provides the ability to communicate between the two in such a way, it is like they are in leased line which connects directly look again. Meeting between them, despite the fact that the Internet, and this is in the private sector because it is encrypted connection, and contacts convenient, as everyone can see that they show to the world without the resources of all of the Interior.

The number of firewall vendors, including the ability to create products in their own virtual private network, directly with its core products, or attachment. If you need to connect multiple offices together, and maybe this is the best way to do so.

Have a secure network

It is important to remember that the firewall is the only point access network. Modem, if you can call them, can the attacker can easily sneak around and through the front door or your firewall is not. Just because there is no in front of castles and fortresses, your company needs in each protected entry.

Network Firewalls

As we saw in our discussion of the Internet and similar networks, which link the organization on the Internet provides a flow in both directions of traffic. This is clearly undesirable in many organizations, including the confidential information that is provided in many cases freely within the corporate network, a network TCP / IP, such as the Internet, which only works within the organization.

To ensure a degree of separation between the internal network of the Foundation and the Internet offer, and working as firewalls. A firewall is simply a set of components that together form a barrier between networks.

There are a number of conditions specific to firewalls and networks will be used in this section, so let us all to introduce.

Network security.

UUCP, like any other application, has compromised safety. Some of the highlights of his security, it is quite limited in what it can do, and therefore is more difficult to get to do something he should not, she has been there and most of the bugs its been discovered, analyzed and fixed, and because networks are made up UUCP links to other armies of the case, it is not possible to directly contact someone on Host B and take advantage of this connection to do something bad.

On the other hand, UUCP UUCP usually works with a user account system wide and password. Any system that has a connection to another UUCP must know the password for the account or nuucp uucp. Identification of a home beyond this point have always been little more than a matter of faith that the host is that it claims to be, and that connection is allowed at that time. Recently, there has been an additional layer of authentication, where both hosts must have the same number sequence, which is a number that is incremented each time a connection is established.

Therefore, if I run the host B, I know the password on the host uucp A. If so, I want to go home for C, I would have to conclude, identified as C, I hope at some point A, which will allow it, and try to guess the correct sequence number of the session. Even though this is not a small attack, it is considered very safe.

Optical fiber

Based on optical fiber communication systems based on the principle that light in the middle of the glass can be transported long distances more than electrical signals can be transported in copper or coaxial medium-frequency radio over the radio. Losses arising from the transfer of a few, small disturbances, and potentially high-bandwidth fiber-is a better way to close the transfer of knowledge.

We provide the necessary infrastructure, fiber optic cable products LAN / WAN.

Ethernet
Refers to the Ethernet local area network (LAN) products, which are standard IEEE 802.3. It was introduced, and the Protocol CSMA / CD. Since using an Ethernet LAN is about 80 percent of computers worldwide in connection with the local network and workstations.

We offer products and accessories to the Ethernet network.

Wireless LAN / WAN networks
Become a wireless local area networks, as the popularity of Soho is easy to install and more portable. Gives users the mobility of wandering without coverage from the local network.

Although we wired networks, and offer products and accessories for wireless local area network.

Communication cables
There are many different interfaces available on the market today, but we use the main types of cables such as coaxial cable, UTP and fiber optic cables and more. These cables are applicable to various methods of communication in everyday life.

We offer a variety of communication cables in accordance with the requirements of the application.

Embedded Systems
Essential part of any electronic system that uses a chip and CPU. Systems usually an integral part of the application of strict controls, microprocessors, or in some cases, chips according to customer requirements, C, or both. It is used in various applications such as mobile phones, cars and appliances and consumer electronics.

Tuesday, April 13, 2010

Mesh topology

Mesh topology is working on the concept of routes. In mesh topology, the message sent to the destination to take the shortest and easiest way to reach his destination. In the former star and bus topologies is usually sent out messages on any computer, especially in bus topology. But the message network topology can only travel in one direction ie clockwise or counterclockwise. Internet service to network topology and the message found its way to its destination. router work on finding ways and messages to reach them in their destinations.The topology where each device is connected to any other device is a full mesh topology, unlike the partial network in which each device is indirectly connected to other devices.

Tree Topology

And collected from different tree topology star topology in a bus. Topology tree integrate multiple star topologies together on a bus. Can not but that the devices are connected directly to the center of a bus tree, and the functions of each center as the root of a tree of network devices. Bus / star / hybrid combination to support the expansion in the future, computer networks, and much better than a bus or a star.

Star Topology

Computer network in the world, the most commonly used in network topology is star topology. Star topologies can be implemented at home, office or even in a building. All computers in the star topologies are connected to the central hub device, switch or router. The function of these devices is different. I refer to the details of each network device in each section of my website. Computers on a network are commonly associated with node, switch or router to the UTP Twisted Pair (UTP) or FTP Twisted Pair cables.

As compared with bus topology, a star network, the more complete anetwork equipment and cables. The failure of any node or cable in a star network, not across the network in comparison with bus topology.

Ring topology

In the ring network, each computer or device has two adjacent neighbors for communication. In a ring network, all communication messages traveling in the same directory where clockwise or counterclockwise. Any damage to the cable TV or any device can lead to destruction of the entire network. Ring topology now has become almost obsolete.
FDDI, Sonet, or Token Ring technology can be used to implement the technology of the ring. ring topology can be found in offices, schools or small buildings.

Bus topology

BUS topology uses a common base to connect all network devices on a network in a linear fashion. TV functions only as a means of communication common to all devices connected to this interface cable connector. Device that wishes to send a message broadcast to all devices connected to common cable, but only recipient actually accepts and processes this message.


Ethernet bus topologies are easy to install and require only very basic and the cable is generally used for the cable communication network. 10Base-2 and 10BaseT two popular types of Ethernet cables used in bus topology. In addition, the bus network operates with very small devices. Performance problems can arise in bus topology, if there are more than 12-15 teams added to the bus network. Moreover, if backbone cable fails, then the entire network becomes useless and there is no communication between all teams. Unlike the star topology, which, if a user is disconnected from a network, then there is an effect on other computers on the network

Network Topologies

Topologies Can be classified computer network topologies in the following categories.
• Bus
• Star
• ring
• Network
• a tree.
Hybrid networks, complex networks that can build two or more of the above-mentioned topology

Configuration of Clients and server

Configuration steps

1. Choose a unique name for each client computer
2. Choose a unique IP address for each computer and relevant.
3. Use the same domain name for all the client computers.

Network / system administrators are forced to make these administrative tasks on the server and client computers. And can be for all shares in the network at the server or clients to access through My Network Places in Windows 2000 platform. There is another way to connect to the shared resources to run this command to computer. 

Measures could be implemented to configure the network by right clicking on My Computer> 

To provide the IP address that will have a right click on My Network Places> Properties> Local Area Connection> Properties Internet Protocol> (TCP / IP)> Properties and then provide the IP address and subnet mask of the same group and category for all computers network .

Network model client / server

In the sample client / server network team is playing a central role and is known as a server to all other computers on the network are known as clients. Access for all client computers server at one time for files, databases, documents, spreadsheets, Web pages, resources, campaign diver, printer, fax modem, CD-ROM and DVD / etc. In other words, everything depends on the client and the server is estimated if the server is not responding or crashes after the networking and communication between the client and server) calculates the stop.

To configure the network model of customer service, and then setting up a server first. Install Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 from CD-ROM on your computer to the server and domain. You can create a field through this command on the dcpromo run. "You can give this command once you install a server without problems. And after giving the dcpromo command will be asked to name one domain. All client computers use the same domain name only to become part of this area. This is installed server, Active Directory, DNS and other necessary things. There are step-by step wizard to walk and run for the remaining steps. Make sure you connect the network cable to the LAN card when the server is implemented Dcpromo.exe command.

When installed correctly the latest evidence on the server, and restart the server. You can create network users on the server computer, and the name / designation of network resources such as computers, printers.

Removable media

CD (CD-ROM) - the most common type of removable media, ideal for music and data.
CD-ROM Drive - a device for reading data from CD-ROM.
CD burner - a tool to read and write data to and from the CD-ROM.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) - a popular type of removable storage medium of the same size as a CD, but has capacity for up to 12 times more. This is the most common method of delivering digital video and is popular for data storage.
DVD-ROM Drive - a device for reading data from DVD.
DVD Recorder - a device to read and write data to and from the DVD.
DVD-RAM Drive - tool for fast data recording and reading of a special type of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc - a high density optical disc format for data transmission and high definition video. You can store 70 times more information than the CD.
BD-ROM - a device for reading data from Blu-Ray.
BD Writer - a device to read and write data to and from Blu-Ray disk.
HD DVD - stopped rival format Blu-ray ...
Floppy Disk - outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk drive. Currently used mainly to load RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip - an obsolete system of medium capacity removable disk storage, which was introduced by Iomega in 1994.
USB Flash Drive - flash memory data storage devices integrated with USB interface, in general, small, lightweight, removable and rewritable. The capacity ranges from hundreds of megabytes (approximately the same as the CD-ROM) to tens of gigabytes (overcoming the high cost, Blu-ray).
Tape Drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape used for long term storage and backup.

Secondary storage

Hardware that keeps data in the computer for later use and remains constant even when the computer has no power.
Hard disk - for medium term storage of data.
Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but contains no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.
RAID array controller - a device to different internal or external hard drives and possibly some peripheral devices to manage in order to improve performance or reliability to be achieved in what is called a RAID array.

Personal Computer Hardware.

A personal computer consists of multiple physical components of computer hardware, which can be installed an operating system and a variety of programs for the operator to perform desired functions.
Directly into the motherboard components include:
Central processing unit (CPU) performs most calculations a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brains" of computers. This is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan.
Located mediating communication between the CPU chip and other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM (Random Access Memory) stores all drinking processes (applications) and the current OS.
Boot firmware and BIOS features power management. Basic system data output functions are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal CPU bus connected to various internal components and expansion cards for graphics and sound.